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Abstract This paper discusses the general atmospheric circulation over Patagonia on the basis of the principal palaeoclimate forcings: continental drift, orography, variations in the greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere, evolution of the atmosphere and the oceans, changes in the orbit of the Earth, albedo feedbacks, and the land surface. These processes affect climate on time scales of millions to hundreds of thousands of years.

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Additionally, orbital forcing has had a major influence on climate during the Quaternary. The palaeo-atmospheric circulation of Patagonia is analyzed for the Early to Late Jurassic, the Cretaceous, the Late Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, the Tortonian–Oligocene cooling, the Pliocene, the Quaternary including the Last Glacial Maximum, the Holocene Optimum, and the last millennium changes. Alternative palaeo-atmospheric circulations from climatic modelling scenarios through the ages are reviewed and compared with proxy data. Detailed and updated reference information on the topics analyzed is also provided. A, simple, single cell atmospheric convection in a nonrotating Earth. B, three cell atmospheric convection in a rotating Earth. The deflection of the winds within each cell is caused by the Coriolis force ( sensu).

The Earth's rotation gives rise to a ‘virtual force’ known as the Coriolis effect responsible for deflection of the air flow toward the right in the Northern Hemisphere and toward the left in the Southern Hemisphere. The pattern of atmospheric circulation is modified resulting in a triple cell, in part as a consequence of the Coriolis effect (). The two cells driven by the ascendance at the equator, called the Hadley cells, close with a downward branch at approximately latitude 30°, forming the Subtropical High belt.

As the wind flow reaches the surface, it returns to the equatorial zone to complete the cell movement. The northern boundary of these cells is marked by strong westerly winds in the upper troposphere, which are called the tropospheric jets. The rotation of the Earth shifts ocean and land eastward under the air and the flow coming from the mid-latitudes moves toward the equator. This gives rise to the easterly trade winds, characteristic of the tropical regions. Cisco packet tracer 6 0 build 45 for windows by 007 movies 2017 free. In the real atmosphere, the convergence of surface winds and the resulting ascendance does not occur exactly at the equator, but in a band called the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Between latitude 30° and 60° a second cell (called the Ferrel cell) exhibits a reversed flow pattern. Surface air in the Ferrel cells flows poleward and again is deflected eastward (to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere).