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In the 15-year interval since the publication of the first review of the world pharmaceutical situation (The World Drug Situation) there has been both progress and failure. Contoh program dengan visual foxpro odbc windows 8. Almost 2 billion people today still lack access to essential medicines.

While this is a smaller percentage of the global population than in 1985, when the first survey was carried out, gross inequity in access to medicines remains the overriding feature of the world pharmaceutical situation. One encouraging finding is that many more countries now have national policies on medicines than in 1985. However, in low-income countries, all too often these policies lack implementation plans and supporting strategies, such as price regulation, generic promotion or the effective regulation of quality.

Meanwhile, over the past 15 years there has been a notable change in the global context in which national medicines policies are being implemented. Nothing illustrates this more clearly than the tragedy of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The global burden of disease has undergone a major shift, as the scale and impact of HIV/AIDS has become fully apparent. In 1988, there were an estimated 6.3 million HIV/AIDS cases worldwide.

Download lagu dan bukan maksudku bukan inginku melukaimu sadarkahkau. By the end of 2002, an estimated 42 million people were living with HIV/AIDS and in that year alone 3.1 million people died of AIDS. The global response to the HIV/AIDS pandemic has brought to the fore a number of key issues in medicines policy. Firstly, it has confirmed the importance of innovation. The R&D of new, safe and effective medicines is critical in saving lives and reducing suffering from a new disease on an epidemic scale.

I However, many of these medicines have been at the centre of continuing controversies about prices and the legal limits to competition through intellectual property rights in the form of patents. Patents have “unusual importance” in medicines policy. 1 A major shift towards the development of a global trading system with a single set of rules has occurred since The World Drug Situation was published. Intellectual property rights occupy an important place in this system, and medicines have held centre stage in arguments in and around the World Trade Organization about whether, and at what speed, to implement a single set of international trade rules. I Antiretroviral medicines went on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for the first time in 2002. The high price of new medicines for HIV/AIDS in relation to their production cost has reopened interest in competition.

Brazil began supplying its domestic market with generic HIV/AIDS drugs and Indian manufacturers of generic HIV/AIDS medicines entered into the markets of sub-Saharan Africa. Meanwhile, the authority of national governments to regulate their national medicines market by invoking compulsory licensing arrangements has been both asserted and challenged over medicines for HIV/AIDS. The high price of medicines for HIV/AIDS has also highlighted the importance of risk-pooling mechanisms that can ensure access to treatment on the basis of medical need rather than ability to pay. This reinforces the importance of financing medicines through government revenues, health insurance, or a mix of both. Brazil’s social security system and numerous employers, including several large firms in South Africa, offer examples of middle-income countries where access to treatment has been made possible through health insurance schemes. Finally, the human and physical capacity limits of health systems in many low-income countries have been brought into sharp focus as they attempt to deal on a national scale with prevention and counselling, and to provide treatment and care for those living with HIV/AIDS.